scopeVIEWER.ATOMIC sectionvisualizer enginethree.js · WebGL module5 historical models

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Atomic Models

Five historical models of the atom in 3D. Switch Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr or Quantum.

tabatomic-models modelbohr contextreference: carbon-12 (Z = 6) shortcutsspace · r · l · f · d · c · 2 · p

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Ionic state: 0 NEUTRAL

6 e⁻ · protons = electrons · e.g. noble gases (He, Ne, Ar)

Static

BOHR · 1913

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Bohr Model (1913)

Electrons orbiting in discrete energy levels · 1913

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1913 Niels Bohr

What it explained

Limitations

1s — 2 electrons (dense spherical core) 2s — 2 electrons (sphere with radial node) 2p — 2 unpaired electrons (perpendicular lobes, Hund's rule)

Carbon-12 (Z = 6). Same atom in every model. Sizes are illustrative.

Atomic Model Color Legend

Proton (+) — positive charge in the nucleus

Neutron — neutral, also in the nucleus

Electron (−) — negative charge, in orbit

Orbit / Shell — quantized energy level

Probability cloud — quantum model (no defined orbit)